A random variable that can take only a certain specified set of individual possible values-for example, the positive integers 1, 2, 3, . . . For example, stock prices are discrete random variables, ...

Abstract: High-dimensional signal processing and data analysis have been appealing to researchers in recent decades. Outlier detection and sample-size determination are two essential pre-processing ...

It is an important capacity to plan an optimal working path without collision for robotic arms. Rapid exploration random tree (RRT) is a popular algorithm in the field of path planning. However, the ...

The Social Policy Simulation Database and Model (SPSD/M) is a microsimulation tool specifically designed for analyzing the tax and transfer system in Canada. It is a complex multidisciplinary ...

Estimating internal biomechanical variables and muscle fatigue from visual observations remains a significant challenge in biomechanics, rehabilitation, and sports science. Conventional approaches ...

Educational only — not for clinical use (see CLAUDE.md §8). Umbrella sampling applies harmonic restraints along a reaction coordinate (e.g., ligand unbinding distance, pore radius) to force sampling ...